Astrocytes play essential roles in the CNS by performing multiple interconnected functions
BPC-157, formalin and morphine were prepared in physiological saline (0.9% weight/volume NaCl)
Proteins such as MEMO1 further fine-tune this network by suppressing ATOX1-mediated ROS under excess copper [95]
For validation of the assay method, the kinetic parameters such as the apparent Michaelis-Mente constants and maximum rates of conjugate formation as well as the specific activity of rat hepatic glutathione transferase were determined
Abbreviations l-DOPA: 3,4-Dihydroxyl-l-phenylalanine ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion AIN: Acute interstitial nephritis AKI: Acute kidney injury ATN: Acute tubular necrosis ASC: Adult stem cell ALP: Alkaline phosphatase ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ABC: ATP-binding cassette ADPKD: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease B2 M: Beta-2 microglobulin BUN: Blood urea nitrogen BCRP: Breast cancer resistance protein CRS: Cardiorenal syndrome CKD: Chronic kidney disease CLU: Clusterin CIHP: Conditionally immortalized human podocyte ciPTEC: Conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cell CysC: Cystatin C CYP: Cytochrome P450 ESKD: End-stage kidney disease EMA: European Medicines Agency ECM: Extracellular matrix FDA: Food and Drug Administration GGT: -Glutamyl transpeptidase G-GT: -Glutamyl transpeptidase transferase GFR: Glomerular filtration rate GMEC: Glomerular microvascular endothelial cell GST: Glutathione S-transferase HO: Heme oxygenase HUS: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome HFM: Hollow fiber membrane hTERT: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase IVIVE: In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell IGFBP: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin IRI: Ischemiareperfusion injury KIM: Kidney injury molecule L-FABP: Liver type-fatty acid binding protein MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MTX: Methotrexate MEM: Microelectromechanical systems MPS: Microphysiological systems MCP: Monocyte chemotactic protein MATE: Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein MRP: Multidrug resistance protein NAG: N -Acetyl--glucosaminidase NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OAT: Organic anion transporters OCT: Organic cation transporter OPN: Osteopontin P-gp: P-glycoprotein PBPK: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic PES: Polyethersulfone PSTC: Predictive Safety Testing Consortium RPA: Renal papillary antigen RPTEC: Renal proximal tubule epithelial cell RAS: Renin-angiotensin system RBP: Retinol binding protein sCr: Serum creatinine SV40T: Simian virus 40 large T antigen SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SLC: Solute carrier family 3D: Three-dimensional TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TEER: Transepithelial electrical resistance TFF: Trefoil factor 2D: Two-dimensional uALB: Urinary albumin uTP: Urinary total protein References Alinejad S, Ghaemi K, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O (2016) Nephrotoxicity of methadone: a systematic review
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