An analysis of genomic data of more than a million people has uncovered that addiction disorders, irrespective of the substance abused, have shared genetic markers, according to a 2023 article by Hatoum et al., published in the journal Nature Mental Health , titled Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders . For instance, the genes OPRM1 , DRD2 , DRD4 , BDNF and SL6A4 have been found to be associated with two or more addiction disorders, according to a 2021 article by Lopez-Leon et al., published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, titled Molecular genetics of substance use disorders: An umbrella review . Studies on twins suggest that both substance-specific genes and those that contribute to the integrity and functionality of the common pathways implicated in the vulnerability to and development of addiction disorders and other psychiatric illnesses increase the susceptibility of an individual to substance use disorders, according to a 2012 article by Francesca Ducci and David Goldman published in the journal Psychiatric Clinics of North America , titled The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders . For example, the ALDH2 and ADH1B genes exert substance-specific influences and are implicated in alcohol addiction
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