The E-value calculated from the hazard ratio of quitters was 1.83 (upper confidence limit: 1.16), suggesting that an unmeasured confounder of this magnitude could potentially explain away the observed association
There is also a great deal of secondary chemistry that can happen when the disclosed chemicals put into an e-cigarette sit around and mix at room temperature
Intriguingly, in a double-blind cross-over study, acute exposure to both nicotine and nicotine-free aerosols elevated blood pressure in healthy subjects, whereas only the aerosol containing nicotine significantly increased heart rate and arterial stiffness (132)
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