To prevent nicotine addiction, the first act is to implement a combination of education, early intervention, and support
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Yet, the translation of these associations into mechanistic understanding remains hindered by methodological variability, inter-individual heterogeneity, and the intrinsic complexity of hostmicrobeenvironment interactions
Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has been widely reported, few attempts have evaluated the doseresponse relationship between smoking and a diverse range of health outcomes systematically and comprehensively
In the research, authors exposed human bronchial cells the cells that form the barrier between the outside air we breathe and the internal part of the respiratory system to cigarette smoke and aerosol from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or e-cigarettes
